- | 1. Stichting HIV Monitoring. 2007. <br>2. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: disease-specific recommendations. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21 (1): S32-S43.<br>3. Anderson JR, Paramsothy P, Heilig C, Jamieson DJ, Shah K, Duerr A. Accuracy of Papanicolaou test among HIV-infected women. Clin Infect Dis 2006 ; 42: 562-8.<br>4. Arain S, Walts AE, Thomas P, Bose S. The Anal Pap Smear: Cytomorphology of squamous intraepithelial lesions. Cytojournal 2005; 2: 4.<br>5. Baseman JG, Koutsky LA. The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections. J Clin Virol 2005; 32 (1): S16-S24.<br>6. Belafsky P, Clark RA, Kissinger P, Torres J. Natural history of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 11: 511-2.<br>7. Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, Pau A, Holmes KK. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004; 53: 1-112.<br>8. Bigrigg A, Haffenden DK, Sheehan AL, Codling BW, Read MD. Efficacy and safety of large-loop excision of the transformation zone. Lancet 1994; 343: 32-4.<br>9. Bos AB, Rebolj M, Habbema JD. Nonattendance is still the main limitation for the effectiveness of screening for cervical cancer in the Netherlands. Int J.Cancer 2006; 119: 2372-5.<br>10. Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, Meijer CJ, Shah KV. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 244-65.<br>11. Bosch, FX, Munoz N, Izarzugaza I, Gili M, Viladiu P, Tormo MJ, et al. Risk factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 750-8.<br>12. Bower M, Powles T, Newsom-Davis T, Thirlwell C, Stebbing J, Mandalia S, et al. HIV-associated anal cancer: has highly active antiretroviral therapy reduced the incidence or improved the outcome? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37: 1563-5.<br>13. Branca M, Delfino A, Rossi E, Giacomini G, Leoncini L, Riti MG, et al. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus related lesions of the genital tract in HIV positive and negative women. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1995; 16: 410-7.<br>14. Brink AA, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ, Berkhof J, Verheijen RH. HPV testing in cervical screening. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 20: 253-66.<br>15. Castle PE, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Rodriguez AC, Bratti MC, et al. A prospective study of age trends in cervical human papillomavirus acquisition and persistence in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1808-16.<br>16. Chang GJ, Berry JM, Jay N, Palefsky JM, Welton ML. Surgical treatment of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002 ; 45: 453-8.<br>17. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM, Tyring S, El SH. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2006 ; 43: 223-33.<br>18. Chiao, EY, Krown SE, Stier EA, Schrag D. A population-based analysis of temporal trends in the incidence of squamous anal canal cancer in relation to the HIV epidemic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40: 451-5.<br>19. Clifford GM, Smith JS, Aguado T, Franceschi S. Comparison of HPV type distribution in high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 101-5.<br>20. Commissie Cytologie Nederlandse Vereniging voor Pathologie (NVVP). Praktijkrichtlijn versie 2.0. Voor kwaliteitsborging van cytopathologisch onderzoek van de baarmoederhals, 2006.<br>21. Cranston RD, Darragh TM, Holly EA, Jay N, Berry JM, Da CM, Self-collected versus clinician-collected anal cytology specimens to diagnose anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 915-20.<br>22. Cuzick J. Time to consider HPV testing in cervical screening. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1511-4.<br>23. Cuzick J, Clavel C, Petry KU, Meijer CJ, Hoyer H, Ratnam S, et al. Overview of the European and North American studies on HPV testing in primary cervical cancer screening. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1095-101.<br>24. Cuzick J, Sasieni P, Davies P, Adams J, Normand C, Frater A, et al. A systematic review of the role of human papilloma virus (HPV) testing within a cervical screening programme: summary and conclusions. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 561-5.<br>25. Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, Schwartz SM, Shera KA, Wurscher MA, et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer 2004; 101: 270-80.<br>26. Davies P, Arbyn M, Dillner J, Kitchener HC, Meijer CJ, Ronco G, et al. A report on the current status of European research on the use of human papillomavirus testing for primary cervical cancer screening. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 791-6.<br>27. De Sanjosé S, Palefsky J. Cervical and anal HPV infections in HIV positive women and men. Virus Res 2002; 89: 201-11.<br>28. Diamond C, Taylor TH, Aboumrad T, Bringman D, Anton-Culver H. Increased incidence of squamous cell anal cancer among men with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 314-20.<br>29. DiBonito L, Falconieri G, Tomasic G, Colautti I, Bonifacio D, Dudine S. Cervical cytopathology. An evaluation of its accuracy based on cytohistologic comparison. Cancer 1993; 72: 3002-6.<br>30. Durante AJ, Williams AB, Da CM, Darragh TM, Khoshnood K, Palefsky JM. Incidence of anal cytological abnormalities in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 638-42.<br>31. Fox PA, Seet JE, Stebbing J, Francis N, Barton SE, Strauss S, et al. The value of anal cytology and human papillomavirus typing in the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia: a review of cases from an anoscopy clinic. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 142-6.<br>32. Franco EL. The sexually transmitted disease model for cervical cancer: incoherent epidemiologic findings and the role of misclassification of human papillomavirus infection. Epidemiology 1991; 2: 98-106.<br>33. Friedman HB, Saah AJ, Sherman ME, Busseniers AE, Blackwelder WC, Kaslow RA, et al. Human papillomavirus, anal squamous intraepithelial lesions, and human immunodeficiency virus in a cohort of gay men. J Infect Dis 1998 ; 178: 45-52.<br>34. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 92: 1500-10.<br>35. Gissmann L, Pfister H, Zur HH. Human papilloma viruses (HPV): characterization of four different isolates. Virology 1977; 76: 569-80.<br>36. Goedert JJ, Cote TR, Virgo P, Scoppa SM, Kingma DW, Gail MH, et al. Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders. Lancet 1998; 351: 1833-9.<br>37. Goldie SJ, Kuntz KM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Welton ML, Palefsky JM. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in homosexual and bisexual HIV-positive men. JAMA 1999; 281: 1822-9.<br>38. Goldie SJ, Kuntz KM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Welton ML, Palefsky JM. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in homosexual and bisexual HIV-positive men. JAMA 1999; 281: 1822-9.<br>39. Goldie SJ, Weinstein MC, Kuntz KM, Freedberg KA. The costs, clinical benefits, and cost-effectiveness of screening for cervical cancer in HIV-infected women. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 97-107.<br>40. Goldstone SE, Winkler B, Ufford LJ, Alt E, Palefsky JM. High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous-cell carcinoma in men who have sex with men as seen in a surgical practice. Dis Colon Rectum 20014 ; 44: 690-8.<br>41. Graham BD, Jetmore AB, Foote JE, Arnold LK. Topical 5-fluorouracil in the management of extensive anal Bowen's disease: a preferred approach. Dis Colon Rectum 2005 ; 48: 444-50.<br>42. Grulich AE, Wan X, Law MG, Coates M, Kaldor JM. Risk of cancer in people with AIDS. AIDS 1999; 13: 839-43.<br>43. Hanselaar AGJM. KOPAC-B in beeld, CD-ROM. 1997. University Medical Center Nijmegen. <br>44. Ahdieh-Grant L, Li R, Levine AM, Massad LS, Strickler HD, Minkoff H, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1070-6.<br>45. Hildesheim A, Herrero R, Castle PE, Wacholder S, Bratti MC, Sherman ME, et al. HPV co-factors related to the development of cervical cancer: results from a population-based study in Costa Rica. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1219-26.<br>46. Hillemanns P, Ellerbrock TV, Dole P, Sun XW, Chiasson MA, Wright TC. Anal HPV infection and anal cytologic abnormalities in HIV-seropositive women. Int Conf AIDS. 1996. <br>47. Holly EA, Ralston ML, Darragh TM, Greenblatt RM, Jay N, Palefsky JM. Prevalence and risk factors for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 843-9.<br>48. Jha PK, Beral V, Peto J, Hack S, Hermon C, Deacon J, et al. Antibodies to human papillomavirus and to other genital infectious agents and invasive cervical cancer risk. Lancet 1993; 341: 1116-8.<br>49. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK.. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons--2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51: 1-52.<br>50. Kreuter A, Hochdorfer B, Stucker M, Altmeyer P, Weiland U, Conant MA, et al. Treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with acquired HIV with imiquimod 5% cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 980-1.<br>51. Lacey HB, Wilson GE, Tilston P, Wilkins EG, Bailey AS, Corbitt G, et al. A study of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV positive homosexual men. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 172-7.<br>52. Lampinen TM, Latulippe L, Schilder AJ, Miller ML, Anema A, Hogg RS. Illustrated instructions for self-collection of anorectal swab specimens and their adequacy for cytological examination. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33: 386-8.<br>53. Lampinen TM, Miller ML, Chan K, Anema A, Schilder AJ, Taylor R, et al. Randomized clinical evaluation of self-screening for anal cancer precursors in men who have sex with men. Cytojournal 2006; 3: 4.<br>54. Lee A, Young T, Hanks D, Ung R, Stansell J. The evaluation of anal dysplasia with anal cytoogy (Pap) followed by high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) and biopsy in HIV-infected men (abstract ThOrB1407). Int Conf AIDS 2004: 15.<br>55. Massad LS, Ahdieh L, Benning L, Minkoff H, Greenblatt RM, Watts H, et al. Evolution of cervical abnormalities among women with HIV-1: evidence from surveillance cytology in the women's interagency HIV study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001; 27: 432-42.<br>56. Mathews WC. Screening for anal dysplasia associated with human papillomavirus. Top HIV Med 2003; 11: 45-9.<br>57. Mathews WC. Screening for anal dysplasia associated with human papillomavirus. Top HIV Med 2003; 11: 45-9.<br>58. Mathews WC, Sitapati A, Caperna JC, Barber RE, Tugend A, Go U. Measurement characteristics of anal cytology, histopathology, and high-resolution anoscopic visual impression in an anal dysplasia screening program. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37: 1610-5.<br>59. Mayeaux EJ, Harper MB, Abreo F, Pope JB, Phillips GS. A comparison of the reliability of repeat cervical smears and colposcopy in patients with abnormal cervical cytology. J Fam Pract 1995; 40: 57-62.<br>60. Melbye M, Smith E, Wohlfahrt J, Osterlind A, Orholm M, Bergmann OJ, et al. Anal and cervical abnormality in women--prediction by human papillomavirus tests. Int J Cancer 1996; 68: 559-64.<br>61. Miller M, van Niekerk D, Granger M. Self collection for anal cancer screening in gay men. Int Conf AIDS, 2004. <br>62. Nadal SR, Manzione CR, Galvao VM, Salim VR, Speranzini MB. Healing after anal fistulotomy: comparative study between HIV+ and HIV- patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1998 ; 41: 177-9.<br>63. Nandwani, R. 2006 United Kingdom national guideline on the sexual health of people with HIV: sexually transmitted infections. Int J.STD AIDS 2006; 17: 594-606.<br>64. Nederlandse Vereniging van AIDS Behandelaren (NVAB). Richtlijn Antiretrovirale behandeling. 2005. Alphen aan den Rijn, Van Zuiden Communications B.V., 2005. <br>65. Nederlandse Vereniging Voor Pathologie. Richtlijn cervixcytologie. 2002: 1-81. <br>66. Nobbenhuis MA, Helmerhorst TJ, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, Jaspars LH, Voorhorst FJ, et al. Primary screening for high risk HPV by home obtained cervicovaginal lavage is an alternative screening tool for unscreened women. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 435-9.<br>67. Palefsky J. HPV infection and genital neoplasia. HIV Management 2006: The New York Course . 2006. <br>68. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Efirdc JT, Da CM, Jay N, Berry JM, et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS 2005; 19: 1407-14.<br>69. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Hogeboom CJ, Berry JM, Jay N, Darragh TM. Anal cytology as a screening tool for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14: 415-22.<br>70. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Da CM, Bonner H, Jay N, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the natural history of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal human papillomavirus infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 28: 422-8.<br>71. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Da CM, Greenblatt RM. Prevalence and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women. J Infect Dis 2001 ; 183: 383-91.<br>72. Panther LA, Wagner K, Proper J, Fugelso DK, Chatis PA, Weeden W, et al. High resolution anoscopy findings for men who have sex with men: inaccuracy of anal cytology as a predictor of histologic high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia and the impact of HIV serostatus. Clin Infect Dis 2004 ; 38: 1490-2.<br>73. Papanicolau GN, Traut HF, Marchetti AA. The epithelia of woman's reproductive organs. New York Commonwealth Fund. 1948. <br>74. Pehoushek J, Smith KJ. Imiquimod and 5% fluorouracil therapy for anal and perianal squamous cell carcinoma in situ in an HIV-1-positive man. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 14-6.<br>75. Petruckevitch A, Del AJ, Phillips AN, Stephenson JM, Johnson AM, De Cock KM. Risk of cancer in patients with HIV disease. London African HIV/AIDS Study Group. Int J STD AIDS 1999; 10: 38-42.<br>76. Petry KU, Bohmer G, Iftner T, Flemming P, Stoll M, Schmidt RE. Human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical cancer of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women, 1990-1998. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 75: 427-31.<br>77. Petry KU, Scheffel D, Bode U, Gabrysiak T, Kochel H, Kupsch E, et al. Cellular immunodeficiency enhances the progression of human papillomavirus-associated cervical lesions. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 836-40.<br>78. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Da CM, Bruneval P, Heard I, Kazatchkine MD, et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 453-9.<br>79. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Heard I, Da CM, Bruneval P, Kazatchkine MD, et al. High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive men despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 96-9.<br>80. Poulsen HE, Taylor CW, Sobin LH. Histological typing of female genital tract tumours. World Health Organisation. Geneva, 1975. <br>81. Richart RM. An assessment of the biology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Proc Natl Cancer Conf 1972; 219-22. <br>82. Salit I, Tinmouth J, Lytwyn A, et al. Anal cancer screening: test characteristics of cytology and oncolgenic HPV testing for the detection of anal dysplasia (abstract 899). Program and abstracts of the 12th Annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2005. <br>83. Sasieni PD, Cuzick J, Lynch-Farmery E. Estimating the efficacy of screening by auditing smear histories of women with and without cervical cancer. The National Co-ordinating Network for Cervical Screening Working Group. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1001-5.<br>84. Sayers SJ, McMillan A, McGoogan E. Anal cytological abnormalities in HIV-infected homosexual men. Int J STD AIDS 1998; 9: 37-40.<br>85. Six C, Heard I, Bergeron C, Orth G, Poveda JD, Zagury P, et al. Comparative prevalence, incidence and short-term prognosis of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions amongst HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. AIDS 1998; 12: 1047-56.<br>86. Solomon D. The Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnosis: an overview. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1991; 10: 323-5.<br>87. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Tenti P, De SA, Piazzi G, Iasci A. Adequacy of screening cervical cytology among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women. Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69: 109-13.<br>88. Sun XW, Kuhn L, Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Bush TJ, Wright TC. Human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1343-9.<br>89. Vonau B, Boag F. HIV-positive women and cervical screening. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 767-73.<br>90. Wilkin TJ, Palmer S, Brudney KF, Chiasson MA, Wright TC. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in heterosexual and homosexual HIV-positive men with access to antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2004 ; 190: 1685-91.<br>91. Wright TC, Ellerbrock TV, Chiasson MA, Van DN, Sun XW. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevalence, risk factors, and validity of Papanicolaou smears. New York Cervical Disease Study. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 591-7.'''<br>'''
| + | |